Research Proposal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 4

Examination Proposal - Essay Example ation to the last phases of advanced education, is a mind-boggling concern, the verbalization of a way of thinking of training which tends to the characterized objectives is an important endeavor. It will work as the essential concern and goal of the proposed thesis. The vale of the proposed subject gets from the very idea of worldwide requests upon the instructive framework. Given the ever-expanding crime percentage and the developing multiplication of expert practitioners’ infringement of their embraced code of morals, it is basic to address the issue at its underlying foundations (Sarfatti-Larson, 1976; Hunter, 2003; Masschelein, 2003; Carr and Stuetel, 1999; Winch, 2004). These roots, as Carr and Stuetel (1999) fight, exist at the essential instruction level. Consequently, settling the issue of flippancy inseparably connected to the execution of an ethical way of thinking of instruction (Sarfatti-Larson, 1976; Hunter, 2003; Masschelein, 2003; Carr and Stuetel, 1999; Winch, 2004). Accordingly, it is conceivable to communicate the significance of the point as getting from the issues of heightening crime percentages and expanded flippancy across callings, practices and exercises and the job that the instructive framework should play in it s goals, also the obligation that it needs to do as such. The hypothetical components of the issue will be examined against the foundation of variation methods of reasoning of instruction with an end goal to evaluate which might be most appropriate for the plan of a school educational program which would add to the goals of the referenced issue. While the proposed investigation will draw on different instances of nations/instructive areas which have actualized an ethical way of thinking of training, the exploration will constrain itself to the investigation of the circumstance inside the United Kingdom and will focus on the essential degree of instruction. 2. To explain the degree to which the instructive framework, verifiably and hypothetically, has a duty towards the

Plato And Aristotle Essays - Ancient Greek Philosophers,

Plato And Aristotle What is genuine? What gives life meaning? What happens when we pass on? These three inquiries are normal in the present society. Everybody has unique convictions and their responses to these world view questions are unique. Greek Philosopher's, Aristotle and Plato had altogether different perspectives and answers to these inquiries. What is genuine? Aristotle accepted that for something to be genuine it needed to have a substance and a structure or a body and a spirit. Our faculties are too reality. Presently Plato then again accepted that the truth is changeless and our faculties can't be trusted. He additionally accepted eternal things are more genuine than the human. For instance, Greek divine beings, interminable spirits, and universals are more genuine than people, creatures, and plants that are viewed as mortal. What gives life meaning? As per Aristotle accomplishing the most noteworthy conceivable potential with our abilities, to prevail upon our feelings and the brilliant signify which is everything with some restraint gives life meaning. Presently Plato accepted that instruction through a forty-multi year program gives life meaning. Plato felt that everyone's objective in life is, We adapted yet overlooked. What happens when we bite the dust? Aristotle thought nothing happens when we bite the dust in light of the fact that to try and exist you must have a body and a spirit. So in the event that you kick the bucket and your body leaves, at that point you try not to exist since you don't have both a body and a spirit. Plato accepted that when we bite the dust we are reused. It is somewhat similar to rebirth however not very. At the point when you bite the dust you're reawakened however have lost the entirety of your past information because of the injury birth causes. This is the place Plato's objective in life ties in. We adapted yet our spirit overlooked when we are renewed. Plato and Aristotle had totally various responses to the inquiries, What is genuine? What gives life What does that mean? also, What happens when we kick the bucket? A portion of their responses to these world view questions may appear to be peculiar however we as a whole have our own answers and perspectives about numerous various things.

The Essential Guide to Freelance Ghostwriting

The Essential Guide to Freelance Ghostwriting Youve probably heard of the ghostwriting process, known people who have actually worked as ghostwriters, and read the work of a ghostwriter without even realizing it. Most aspects of this profession occur behind the scenes. So, what exactly is ghostwriting, and what does this process entail?What exactly is a ghostwriter?A ghostwriter is someone who is hired to write works of journalism or other literature, speeches, social media content, or other text that will be officially credited to someone else. Political leaders, celebrities, executives, and even some news representatives hire ghostwriters to create or rewrite memoirs, blogs, or newspaper and magazine articles. Ghostwriters also work in the music industry, creating musical works or lyrics, and in the movie industry, writing or improving scripts for screenplay authors. Even Mozart is known to have paid a ghostwriter to write music for wealthy patrons.Credit for ghostwritten works is not attributed to the ghostwriter. Usually, th e credited author and the ghostwriter both sign a contract including a confidentiality clause that requires the ghostwriter to be anonymous. The ghostwriter might be acknowledged as a researcher or a research assistant, but most of the time, the ghostwriter does not receive any public credit for his or her work.Timeline and feesGhostwriters complete their work over a period of time that ranges from months to a year, depending on the nature of the project, as they research, write, and edit both fiction and nonfiction works. Ghostwriting fees can be paid according to an agreed-upon rate per word, per page, or per project. A portion of the royalties from sales is also given to the ghostwriter after the work is published. Like any other freelance venture, Ghostwriters must keep detailed and accurate books if they expect to manage their businesses successfully.Roles and responsibilitiesThe degree and range of work a ghostwriter performs can vary. Sometimes a ghostwriter edits or rewrites sections of a rough draft or an unfinished piece of literature. In other cases, such as with an autobiography for a public figure, the ghostwriter performs a significant amount of research before creating the text from scratch. A popular fiction author may hire a ghostwriter to write books in the authors particular writing style in order to produce more books.The processWhen a ghostwriter is hired to write an autobiography, the credited author, his or her colleagues, and family members meet with the ghostwriter to discuss the potential content. The ghostwriter also finds interviews, articles, and video footage about the credited author or his or her work. In the case of nonfiction books or articles, a ghostwriter interviews the credited author and reviews past speeches, interviews, and other published articles about the credited author to accurately reflect his or her perspective and opinion within the text. Most of this work can be done via email, postal mail, phone call, and othe r modes of communication between the two parties.Types of ghostwritingSince the industries in which ghostwriters can work and the types of work they produce can vary widely, its pretty clear that ghostwriting can incorporate significantly different tasks. The following are the four main types of ghostwriting:Marketing letters from a company CEO These letters are sent from a company to business entities as a request to sell their product. If the letter is sent from the CEO, its probably a case of ghostwriting. Other sales correspondence with no apparent sender is usually not ghostwritten.Authors ideas in their own words In this case, authors pay a ghostwriter to flesh out their ideas and then turn them into a book or an article. The prep involves communication between the ghostwriter and the credited author, during which the former takes notes on the latters spoken word or sketched-out written notes and develops them into a book. The author might even send the ghostwriter a draft tha ts been mostly written already, and that just needs to be cleaned up through substantial editing or rewriting.Authors ideas in the ghostwriters words Authors might hire a ghostwriter to take a general outline theyve created, perform the research on the ideas, and then write a draft based on those ideas. In the end, the authors review the ghostwritten work and approve it for their use or make major changes to the draft according to their preferences.Ghostwriters ideas and words In this scenario, the ghostwriter must produce his/her own ideas, create an outline, perform the research, and write the content. The authors involvement here is only to approve the final work. An example of this type of service is a ghostwriter who has been hired to post to a celebritys Twitter account.Pros and Cons of GhostwritingGhostwriting offers some unique benefits and pitfalls. Here are a few benefits of working as a ghostwriter:Simply put, its easy money Freelance writers tend to turn to ghostwriting to ensure a relatively steady income after theyve left corporate life.Ghostwriting about a new field provides writers with an easy education Many people can become pseudo-experts in a certain field when they are mandated to research and write about it.Writing that goes public is always open for scrutiny and (heaven forbid!) criticism When your name isnt involved, it wont get dragged through the mud.But not all is roses and rainbows in the ghostwriting profession:You might get taken advantage of An inexperienced freelance writer can settle for a fee that is way below fair market value.Your clients might forget to refer you to colleagues Your name isnt attached to your work, so it cant help you to get new business. In ghostwriting, if you do good work, your client should ideally refer you to others. But your clients might not take this step, and theres nothing you can do about it, even if your work was awesome.Its a short-term game Theres a big market for ghostwriting. You can make go od money now, but your anonymity will prevent you from building your brand name and expertise in another field or for another business.Create and sign a contractDespite the disadvantages of devoting your life to a career in ghostwriting, there are a few actions you can take to protect your interests. Before you do any ghostwriting, you should come to an agreement with your client about the working conditions of the project and then put them into writing. Its a good idea to hire a lawyer to look over the contract before anyone signs it. The contract should specifically outline and describe the work youll be doing, your fee, when youll be paid (e.g., monthly, upon completion), and the project deadline. The contract should also include elements such as the following:Defined responsibilitiesHow will the labor be divided? Will your client give you an outline? Will he or she perform the research, or will you? When can you expect the necessary materials from the client? How does the client want to receive the completed text to review itâ€"in pieces or in one finished product?Liability terms.An indemnification clause defines who carries the burden should any lawsuits arise. Ghostwriters should be protected by this clause in case the client sends any plagiarized text to work with at the beginning of the project.Author creditDoes your service make you completely invisible and, therefore, uncredited (this is the most common scenario in ghostwriting)? Or will you be acknowledged as a co-author and featured on the cover of the book?Terms for terminationOutline what will happen if the author or ghostwriter wants out before the project is finished.Responsibility for expensesIf you need to purchase access to research materials or travel to communicate with your client in person, how will the bills be split?ConfidentialityMany clients will ask for a nondisclosure agreement. This clause will protect the clients materials and keep you liable if you decide to go rogue in your gho stwriting.Getting the job doneWhen youve established your contract, its time to get down to work. If youre working without an outline from your client, start there. Create your outline and get it approved. Then youre ready to start the research and writing process.CommunicationSome clients will go heavy on face time, while others will prefer to be contacted only when theres already some text to work with. The amount of communication you engage in depends also on the type of project youre doing and the personalities of the people involved. Some people never meet their clients in person, and communicate solely over the Internet. Several tools are available today to ease the process of having to be in two different places at once, such as Track Changes in Microsoft Word. By using this feature, a client can mark up any text he receives from his ghostwriter, enabling him to communicate his thoughts and feedback right next to the exact phrases and words of debate. Then, after transferring the file via email, all the feedback is delivered in one tidy package. This approach is best if your client is generally happy with your work and wants only minor changes. If your client is looking for more substantial edits, then a phone conference is probably best to go over the revisions he wants to have you incorporate.Work togetherFind a working style that both of you are comfortable with. If you are writing to reflect your clients voice and make it sound like she wrote it, youll need to get a feel for her writing style. That means you will need to read and hear that voice.Pay attention to the phrases your client uses often and the structure of her sentences. Does she use certain words more frequently than others? Does she use long, drawn-out sentences, or does she write in shorter, more abrupt phrases? Do her descriptions require a dictionary to understand, or are they relatively simple?Finishing the jobWhen youve finished ghostwriting the chapters of the book or the sections of the article, your client should approve your work. Once hes given the all clear, you will create a final draft of all parts of your work. After youve sent your master file to your client and hes sent your check, thats itâ€"youre done! He then goes on to play the role of the author, as per your agreement, and now youre ready to focus on your next ghostwriting project.

Business Perfomance Assignment Dares Paint Limited Budget Free Essay Example, 2000 words

We can take another analogy from chemical reactions. Profit for a business is like the free energy change associated with a reaction. Like free energy change has to be negative for a chemical reaction to be feasible, similarly, profit is a must for doing a business. Nobody will like to go for a loss-making business; rather everybody will like to go for a profitable business. Therefore, profit is a necessary criterion for carrying out a business. But is it a sufficient criterion. If one can conceive a profit-making business, can he or she necessarily do the business? This will depend on the kind of cash flow he can manage in the business. The cash flow for a business is much like activation energy or kinetic barrier for a chemical reaction. Even if a reaction is feasible by the thermodynamic criteria or free energy considerations it can not take place unless there is a favorable kinetics associated with it. Similarly, a positive business cannot be run unless a healthy cash flow is pa rt and parcel of the business. Which one is more important? We will write a custom essay sample on Business Perfomance Assignment: Dares Paint Limited Budget or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page Therefore, cash flow is certainly more important than the profit. This is the reason why firms are will even lose on the profit margins by a couple of basis points if it helps in maintaining a healthy cash flow. Calculations for April. Receipts. Cash Sales = 20% of April sales = 0.20*April sales volume (lit)*sales price ( /lit) = 0.20*950*50 = 9500 This is because only 20% of the current month s sales are Cash sales. Credit Sales = 80% of March sales = 0.80*March sales volume (lit)*sales price ( /lit) = 0.80*800*50 = 32000 .

What You Have to Know About Argumentative Essay Topics on Time Travel and Why

What You Have to Know About Argumentative Essay Topics on Time Travel and Why Whispered Argumentative Essay Topics on Time Travel Secrets Social media made a huge effect on every important industry throughout the Earth, and the work of travel and hospitality has reaped the rewards as any other business venture. It is preferable to search online since it will save yourself a plenty of time. It isn't possible to generate a true friend online. Shopping online isn't secure or secure. If you would like to ease your tension of trying to find hours and hours for easy essays topic selection then you've reached at the appropriate place. Yearly driving tests ought to be mandatory over a specific age. They should be mandatory for the first five years after getting a license. The Fundamentals of Argumentative Essay Topics on Time Travel Revealed Argue the maximum bargain you've ever got. The second thing which you should take care of once you choose the title is to maintain in mind five kinds of argument claims. Does a great lawyer has an effect on the results of a murder trial in the united states. You may continue to keep your argumentative essays for your upcoming job portfolio in case they're highly graded. Young writers may try simple on-line citation generators which are normally at no charge. Let's say you feel that Mexican-American relations need to be improved. When you know the matter well enough you will start to appreciate what others have to say regarding the subject. Inspiration to make your own advertising or media argumentative essay topics isn't really hard to discover. Impact of social networking on tourism and travel is very huge. With millions of users, social networking platforms are the very best choices for each and every company to promote its offer, and for every traveler to acquire data required for the journey. Advertising and the media are now nearly inseparable from society for a whole. You don't need to find super technical with legal argumentative essays, but don't forget to do your homework on what the present laws about your favorite topic actually say. Quite simply, the politician who would like a vote, or the fake news sites which just need a click. Some folks might believe that the fantastic content could be written on any topic and the paper success is dependent just on the mastery of the writer. Another reason is to observe how well students argue on unique views and demonstrate understanding of the studied subject. You might be interested in a topic but not have the background or capacity to handle it into a paper. Detailed researching and outline editing When you have the entire picture of the essay in your thoughts, start searching for details that will allow you to persuade readers. The essay is broken up into several paragraphs. When you should compose a freelance expository essay either as an element of your homework assignment or as an element of your research for the conclusion of term or middle of term dissertation, there is an assortment of topics it's possible to research on. Definitions of Argumentative Essay Topics on Time Travel Making an Outline Besides the plan for the entire procedure, you need to have a plan for the paper. To help students just like you find debatable topics, we've gathered a wide selection of ideas on various subjects and academic levels. You should conduct extensive studying to finish your work in accordance with all the requirements. Students with good academic results must find the chance to go to college free of charge. A minumum of one parent should work at home. School tests aren't powerful. Travel is internal and external, and thus the story'' is totally free to concentrate on subtle shifts of inner awareness. What to Expect From Argumentative Essay Topics on Time Travel? Therefore, the topic needs to be debatable! Quite frequently, the very best topic is one which you trul y care about, but you also will need to get ready to research it. You must settle on a persuasive essay topic that permits you to present the finest possible case. There are several persuasive essay topics to pick from to finish your high school or college assignment. Life is far better than it was 50 decades ago. Traveling is the type of activity, which almost all the people today love. Travelling is the sort of activity, which almost all the folks love.

From a Chinese Perspective Free Essays

Contemporary Art in China unravels as a budding butterfly out of its cocoon. Years of militant ruling and the imposition of state-centered concepts made contemporary art mundane and stagnant. At the onset of globalization, modern artists from China found more room to wiggle as they begin to showcase their talents in a more matured Chinese setting. We will write a custom essay sample on From a Chinese Perspective or any similar topic only for you Order Now Unable to resist the pressures of globalization, Chinese modern art has slowly opened up to the challenge set by global competitors as it hones its craft into the local and international scene with a distinctive Chinese mark. This new found freedom has resulted in emboldening Chinese artists to meld different mediums and points of view into their artwork, creating a time capsule that pays homage to the past and elucidates the future. Most of the world renowned Chinese artists such as Zhang Xiaogang, Zhang Huan, Ai Weiwei and Liu Xiaodong have made themselves visible because of their unique perspectives about Chinese life and I do not think that their creative impact would have been grand if it did not involve a disturbing quality, especially a distorted one. The function of these artists was not merely to beautify the tedious surroundings of modern China but to diversify its angle on Chinese culture, unfettered from the shackles of its restrictive past. In this respect, I believe that the responsibility of the contemporary artist lies in creating ripples within their immediate environment. I also deem that contemporary artists also have the opportunity to make use of modern tools in order to produce an artwork that is relevant in today’s society of technological advancement and multiculturalism. I have had the prospect of visiting the Museum of Contemporary Art in Shanghai recently wherein the current theme was â€Å"Couples in Contemporary Art†. It featured the artworks of 15 coupled artists in celebration of their varied outlook on gender and power relations between sexes. The artworks exhibited the use of different materials and mediums such as acrylic on canvas, watercolor on marble, bronze and stainless steel sculptures, ceramic and mineral color on silk among other things. I was specifically entranced by the works of the couple Chen Xioadan and Yang Jianping as they used bones and Silica gel for their artworks. It was the first time I had ever seen an exhibition wherein couples were involved so it was very interesting to see the polarities in their viewpoints. Another art showcase that I am very fond of is the selected paintings of Zhang Xiaogang in Charles Saatchi’s gallery. Although I have not been to London, I have seen some of his paintings online and in magazines and I believe his artworks depict our cultural past in its barest form. His paintings merge Asian and European techniques through his use of surrealism and portrait like images of the Chinese family. These artworks incorporate the aesthetics of traditional Chinese charcoal drawings, which give off hues of grey, black and white. A likeness to old photo studio shots, it illustrates the continuous link of the past to the present. The paintings demonstrate a timeless appeal that places emphasis on genealogical roots as each character is a mirror image of another, distinguished only by certain features or marks. The occasional interruption of such marks and colors indicate a focal viewpoint that Zhang had intended for the observer to ponder. The dream-like distortions of Zhang’s paintings signify a complex psychological dimension of Chinese culture in the past, as can be observed in the way the body parts were portrayed such as characters with big heads and eyes and small arms. These suggest narrative readings about personality and a claustrophobic sense of self as images distort the cultured past. Learning about Zhang’s artworks being patronized by people all over the world made me realize how China has matured in order to allow artists like Zhang to represent the country in the world of art. If it were not for globalization, many creative talents from China would still be bottled up in a trend of conformity. Outside influences has greatly affected the crafting of contemporary art in China, which has placed Chinese artists at par with their foreign counterparts. This is why I believe that being exposed to an environment where diversity of culture is encouraged and established among daily interactions could bolster the creative identity of an artist. Constructing art and interpreting its parameters establishes a concrete notion of the abstract realm. As an artist seeking approval from his or her peers, I regard that such activities that expand one’s knowledge would also be culturally beneficial since I would be able to acculturate myself to the modern ways of western thinking and at the same time, impart my Chinese heritage to the fellow artists that I come into contact with. I trust that the network of people that will cross my path would also be able to contribute in strengthening cordial relations between the Chinese and the Americans. I believe that change is important for the growth of an individual artist as that is how creative identity is isolated and constructed. It would be interesting to see and learn from the different viewpoints and techniques of other artists, as well as the opportunity to handle challenges found in a multicultural setting. Such experiences will surely create an impression on my worldview as a Chinese and as a budding artist. How to cite From a Chinese Perspective, Papers

Principles of Communication free essay sample

PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNICATION Communication is a two-way process of giving and receiving information through any number of channels. Whether one is speaking informally to a colleague, addressing a conference or meeting, writing a newsletter article or formal report, the following basic principles apply: * Know your audience. * Know your purpose. * Know your topic. * Anticipate objections. * Present a rounded picture. * Achieve credibility with your audience. * Follow through on what you say. * Communicate a little at a time. * Present information in several ways. * Develop a practical, useful way to get feedback. Use multiple communication techniques. Read More: www4. uwm. edu/cuts/bench/commun. htm Analysis: PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNICATION When communication takes place, we must consider the different communication principles in order to establish a good relationship with the audience, especially when you’re delivering speeches in a conference. Every forms of communication, whether does have an intention. Therefore, persuading your audience/listener or the receiver of the message is your primary goal when communicating. We will write a custom essay sample on Principles of Communication or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page KNOW YOUR AUDIENCE. Order to start a good speech, the speaker must consider this first principle. In all panel discussions or in a conference, the speaker must know how to handle his/her listeners; it’s up to him how he’ll do it. Let’s take this situation as an example: A team of a certain NGO is conducting a seminar on how to do use condoms in Tondo, Manila. Group of plain housewives attended the seminar. Some of them have poor education, while others are much luckier than those who have not. Before the team started the lecture, they conducted a survey to everyone who attended the seminar. That’s their way of knowing their audiences. KNOW YOUR PURPOSE. What’s the purpose of the speaker in communicating? Primarily because he has a goal to be understood, a goal to share information to the audiences and to get something from those information he/she shared. For example: A pastor is having a biblical study together with the prisoners. He knows his audience, of course, but his purpose? Of course he knows it too. He is doing this because he’s a servant of God. He was meant for this mission. That was his purpose. KNOW YOUR TOPIC. The speaker must not be haphazard to the information he’ll share with his/her audience. It must be reliable. For example: A professor in biology is teaching in a class of nursing students. His topic is about the human anatomy. Before he teaches all the information to the class, he must first research all the necessary facts available. ANTICIPATE OBJECTIONS. Communication is complex. When listening to or reading someone elses message, we often filter whats being said through a screen of our own opinions. One of the major barriers to communication is our own ideas and opinions. For example: A speaker has finished his speech for the RH Bill advocacy. The audience was silent, but he can see the reaction through their faces that their minds were bursting with ideas. So he finally asks a question to them. â€Å"I am looking forward to all the objections and ideas available. After that question someone raises a hand and speak that breaks everyone’s silence. The speaker begins to answer the audience’s objection with a grin. PRESENT A ROUNDED PICTURE. Persuading the audiences/listeners when communicating is one of the most difficult yet challenging tasks to do. Plain words sometimes aren’t just enough because the audiences have different interests, so to be able to make persuasion of the audiences more effective, there must be a picture that will be presented by the speaker. Example situation: A professor is beginning to find out that one by one his students are getting bored to his subject. He did all his best to persuade them by using interesting words but it seems like it doesn’t make sense. So he think of a better idea, at the next meeting of their class the following week, he’ll bring rounded pictures to illustrate more to his students all the ideas he wants for his students to be understand. ACHIEVE CREDIBILITY WITH YOUR AUDIENCE. Aside from the goal of achieving the attention of the audience, the speaker must also achieve credibility. It’s important to the speaker. If he doesn’t achieve his credibility, his audience would no longer be interested to the things he’s saying. And that’s gauche. Example situation: A speaker who’ll be delivering a speech about the campaign in maintaining a green nation is about to deliver his speech. He finally stands in front of his audience, he dressed formally, he knows about his audience, he knows his purpose, his topic, even planned to anticipate objections and present a rounded picture about his advocacy. He smiles confidently, that’s his way of achieving the credibility with his audience. FOLLOW THROUGH ON WHAT YOU SAY. Information that is shared especially when in front of the audience must be consistent. Any topics that are unnecessary must not be included in delivering a speech. Example situation: A guest speaker from a prominent political clan on Pampanga was invited on a conference attended by the law students in the Polytechnic University of the Philippines was at the middle of delivering his speech that was related to politics, of course. The speaker must attain consistency in his speech. Any unimportant statements will eliminate the interest of the audience. COMMUNICATE A LITTLE AT A TIME. It is important to maintain a relationship with the audience, it’s a must. Example situation: A speaker is reading his speech but manages to look at his audience so that he would know whether his audience is getting something from him or not. PRESENT INFORMATION IN SEVERAL WAYS. Don’t make the ideas redundant. Example situation: The speaker uses different information from other references so that the audiences would be able to get something from other sources, not just depending on the available ones. DEVELOP A PRACTICAL, USEFUL WAY TO GET FEEDBACK. It’s always a pleasure for the speaker to know if his audience got something from the ideas he shared. The speaker must use this principle to be able to know that the audience learned from him. Example situation: The speaker uses cards given to the audience that’s indicating some ideas so the audience will share also what they learn to their fellows. USE MULTIPLE COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUES. It is the most essential principle needed to be used by the speaker. Communication techniques are the usage of technological devices, I think. Example: a speaker uses LCD Projector in discussing an issue. MISCONCEPTIONS OF COMMUNICATION Before considering definitions of communication, we should consider the misconceptions that those definitions will have to address. 1. Communication is Information Transfer The first myth is that communication is simply the transfer of information, just like a computer. This is part of what Theodore Roszak in 1986 called  The Cult of Information, where we assume that human beings behave just like computers as data processing machines. The fact is, we’re not machines. Our communicative behavior is much more complex. Part of that omplexity is the fact that we do not respond equally to the each message, even to the same message sent at different times in a different context. If we assume, therefore, that once we have sent a message, it will obviously be correctly received, we set ourselves up for communication failures. Communication is not about giving information. It is about exerting influence. Far from being guided by logic, it is guided by psycho-logic, to coin a phrase. The goal of communication is not simply telling, but acting, changing another person’s behavior through what we say to them. Example for this is that a teacher is teaching to his students. He’s giving information, but it doesn’t end there. He uses influence, that’s the teacher’s motivation to his students. 2. Communication failures can be solved by restoring the connection Mortensen: â€Å"The notion of gaps and breakdowns automatically portrays communicative activity as a directional and linear sequence of events-much like electronic impulses traveling from beginning to end in a telephone system or digital computer. Once this linear, one-way analogy is accepted, it is almost impossible not to think of communicative difficulties as a result of some malfunctioning that occurs along the line. To correct a breakdown, one is tempted to search for the part or element that needs repair, much as a telephone repairman looks for a break in circuits along a row of telephone lines (Smith, 1970). Even worse, communication tends to be defined in all-or-nothing terms: Either the system works or it does not; the signals arrive at their destination, or they are blocked somewhere along the line. † The general concept of the communication gaps are compared to electronic pulses of a telephone system or a digital computer by Mortensen. If we assume that communication is simply the transfer of information, then all we need to do to solve it if repair the open circuit, plug back into to the network, tune the signal. Example for this is when two people are chit-chatting through the phone and then one person on the line loses the connection. That was meant on this misconception of communication. 3. Communication is either on or off Again, if communication is information transfer, when it fails, it must fail completely. No signals can sneak through a broken network connection. However, human communication can’t be turned off so easily. Some messages, perhaps unintentional, still exert some influence. In a sense we can never have a communication failure—some message is communicated even if it is not the one the speaker intended. Mortensen: â€Å"Running through the previous quotations about communication breakdown is an implicit and mistaken notion that â€Å"no† communication occurred. Supposedly, whenever people fail to arrive at an identical point of view, we can merely assume that they have-almost by definition-â€Å"failed to communicate. † . . . . Communication does not necessarily stop simply because people stop talking or listening. In this misconception of communication, it is stated here that when people transferring information fails to do it, communication completely fails. The truth behind this misconception is that, even if people stop talking, it doesn’t all ends there. They can communicate verbally or non-verbally to be able to share information. They can exert influence in this. Example for this one is: two students were told by their professors to keep their mouth shut and then the professor moved them in separate places. The professor thinks that the he finally ended the noisy interaction between those students. But, actually it’s not. The two students kept on blinking each other’s eye. 4. Communication is passive If communication is information transfer, it doesn’t take much active effort. We have come to regard communication as passive. We simply send our messages and let them take their course, never bothering to reinforce them or check to see if they were received. When we begin to see communication as exerting influence, we can see it is hardly a passive matter. We have to actively attend to the messages we send. We have to be conscious of the unintentional messages we give out that may betray our unguarded intent. We begin to manage our communication strategically, making sure we make the most of the messages we send. We must overcome what  George Orwell called â€Å"the half-conscious belief that language is a natural growth and not an instrument which we shape for our own purposes. †Ã‚   The belief that communication is static, is a totally misconception. But as the example’s definition stated it depends specifically if its info transfer, it doesn’t take active effort. Example for this is: when the students doesn’t ate their lunch even if it’s 12 yet they had a continuous class, their professor kept on sharing information but they kept silent. . Communication success is defined in legal terms Two and a half millennia ago,  Plato described three different kinds of communicators as three different kinds of lovers. The evil lover is concerned only about  himself  and abuses the audience to get what he wants. The neutral lover is like our legal-minded communicator; he gives the bare facts with no care for the ultimate outcome. The best communicator, Plato argues, is like the noble lover who, overcome with a divine madness, does all he can to get his message across for the sake of the audience. Giving the facts is not enough. We have to change the way people work and think. This misconception comes out of the litigious world we live in. We may assume that once we have formally communicated, we have met our legal obligations to get a message across and therefore have no further obligation to communicate. If our purpose in communicating is only to meet some legal standard, this assumption would be correct. But if our purpose is to change someone’s behavior, this assumption falls far short of effective communication. for example: the speaker is responsible for making communication his priority. 6. If human communication is like machine communication, humans must be like machines. Roszak has pointed out that one problem of assuming that machines â€Å"think† like humans is that it leads us to think that humans â€Å"think† like machines. One of the major liabilities of the data processing model of thought is the way in which it coarsens subtle distinctions in the anatomy of the mind. The model may do this legitimately in order to simplify for analytical purposes; all scientific models do that. But there is always the danger—and many computer scientists have run afoul of it—that the model will become reified and be taken seriously. When that happens on the part of experts who should know better, it can actually falsify what we know (or should know) about the way our own minds work. There we discover the riskiest ideas of all. Yet they may also be the richest and most fruitful. For there we find what might be called the master ideas—the great moral, religious, and metaphysical teachings which are the foundations of culture. Most of the ideas that occupy our thinking from moment to moment are not master ideas; they are more modest generalizations. But from this point forward I will be emphasizing master ideas because they are always there in some form at the foundation of the mind, molding our thoughts below the level of awareness. I want to focus upon them because they bear a peculiarly revealing relationship to information, which is our main subject of discussion. Master ideas are based on no information whatever. I will be using them, therefore, to emphasize the radical difference between ideas and data which the cult of information has done so much to obscure. * Let us take one of the master ideas of our society as an example: â€Å"All men are created equal. The power of this familiar idea will not be lost on any of us. From it, generations of legal and philosophical controversy have  arisen,  political movements and revolutions have taken their course. It is an idea that has shaped our culture in ways that touch each of us intimately; it is part, perhaps the most important part, of our personal identity. To see communication as data transfer can lead to the assumptions that humans should be treated as machines to solve human communication problems. Read More: www. shkaminski. com/Classes/ /Definitions%20of%20Communication. htm Submitted by: Kathleen v. maranan Bcr 2-2